Environmental economics Essay Example for Free

Environmental economics Essay It is a familiar characteristic of city life; it is a type of large scale outdoor pollution. It consists of fog grossly contaminated by the product of the inefficient combustion of coal. Chemical reaction between pollutants derived from different sources primarily automobile exhaust and industrial emissions. For each city that exact causes of pollution may be different, depending on the geographical location, temperature, wind and weather factors, smog in its acute form occurs especially during the warm months of the year. Notable, air pollution disaster of this kind was recorded in December 1952 where London smog lasted in the acute stage for five days and overall for ten days. Casualties were among cattle and opera performance had to be stopped after the audience had no vision of the stage. More seriously though, it was estimated to have been directly responsible for an additional four thousand deaths. Specify the externalities/factors that have made this problem and the extent of the externalities involved, the impact and recent trends. In pure market economy resource allocation is the result of the decisions of consumers (households) and producers (firms) who seek to maximize the difference between benefit and incurred costs i. e. private benefit and private cost. But in the weakness of the market economy is that it may fail to take account of any additional benefit or cost which spill over from the original decisions. The cost or benefits additional to those which are the immediate concerns of the parties to a transaction are the spill-overs or externalities, they are not provided for directly in the market place. Due to activities of individuals or firms human based or naturally pollution occurs as a result of emitting too much of a substance to the environment so as to have harmful effects. Every time we breathe, we risk inhaling dangerous chemicals present in the atmosphere. These dangerous chemicals can be either in form of gases or particles and have diverse and numerous effects on human beings and the natural ecosystems. Because it is located in the atmosphere, air pollution is able to travel easily therefore making it a global problem and to a subject of cooperation and conflict. Emission of nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, lead, suspended particulates and organic compounds that can evaporate and enter the atmosphere. Air pollution caused naturally includes forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal, evaporation of organic compounds and natural radio activity. This does not occur in abundance in particular locations. Most pollution is as a result of human activity. The biggest causes are the operation of fossil fuel: burning power plants and automobiles that combust fuel. These few factors are responsible for up to 90% of all air pollution in the United States alone. Other cities like Japan, China, Mexico and San Paulo have some of the most deadly pollution emission levels in the world. The world we are in is driven by fossil fuels, cars and other forms of transportation i. e. tracks, trains, aeroplanes e. t. c. run primarily on gasoline derived from oil. We can therefore say that some of the pollution issues that we face currently are directly related to the energy choice we have. Cooking, heating, lighting, e. . c. for homes, work places, industries using oil, coal and natural gas making us prone to pollution. Solutions to this problem begin with the logic of cost. This is where issues of renewable energy alternatives are suggested but corresponding arguments of greater energy efficiency and reliance on renewable energy is also advocated for. Some notable air pollution disasters are for example: the most publicized issues of second hand smoking. The smokers not only harm themselves but also others close by when they breathe this smoke. Industrial emissions did contribute to respiratory symptoms for several individuals and sixty deaths in Meuse area of Belgium in December 1930. In Danara, Pennsylvania, October 1948, twenty people died as a result of smog. This is a recurring problem that has seen world population mortality rate go up, low life expectancy e. t. c, this is due to diseases present in modern society and were not present 100 years go. Define using examples how policies to reduce this problem could be measured. Benefit management Policies set out to restrict smoking are important in attaining a healthy environment and individual. Policies to regulate smoking are in effect in some locations, but personal exposure should be motivated and limited wherever possible. However a combination of scientist, legislators, business leaders and individuals is a prerequisite for adherence and advocacy with a view to achieving a better environment. In this case therefore second hand smokers are protected especially in public places, this has therefore resulted to a decline in lung cancer, respiratory cases which would have cost the government and the unsuspecting persons a lot of money for treatment. On realizing the catastrophic effect of pollution and the environmental and personal costs associated with it, monitoring the air and environment campaign lead to: (i) Education in schools and universities where students begin at a very young age learning about the effects of pollution. They are taught and trained on management and conservation which carries in handy in the proceeding years of their life. (ii) Scientific groups have also been formulated as a result of government policies. These aim to study the environment with a view of coming up with solutions of encroaching problems and finding lasting and workable solutions (iii) legislative bodes have also contributed enormously by writing down laws that control emission. In this case therefore persons found violating the set laws is liable for prosecution. This makes industries oblige to avoid pollution and consequently revert to better and safer methods of production. (iv) Policies have also enabled the setting up of regulatory agencies e. g. united nations, the atmosphere management program to carry out environmental projects. They are bale to monitor, advocate and control the environment. These and much more are examples on policy formulated for better management and monitoring of the environment. As a result therefore emission of waste to minimized, controlled and checked. Dumping, waste disposal and waste management is carried out in a better way and thus reducing pollution levels. We also see that health cases and deaths are minimized, the government and individuals end up spending less for treatment in pollution related illnesses. The scenarios and beauty of landscapes, plants, etc is also retained. Measuring the cost of reducing the problem In conducting environmental sound economic analysis, we are required to determine the environmental and natural resource impact of the project or policy in question. In this case therefore it is the smog effect. It should also handle biological and social effects. One needs to measure the impact to determine the cost of solving it and this relies on the experts such as engineers, ecologists, agronomists, etc. We also put into consideration valuing the physical impact and relationship. Environmental impact can result in a miserable change in environmental quality. Estimating cost is generally easier than estimating benefits but it is not easy. One major problem derived from the fact that benefit cost analysis is forward looking and thus requires an estimate of what a particular strategy will cost which is more difficult than tracking down what an existing strategy does cost. Another fundamental problem disposed by collecting cost information when the availability of the information is controlled by a firm having an interest in the outcome.

Karl Swindlehurst Melancholy of the German Hussars :: English Literature

Karl Swindlehurst Melancholy of the German Hussars I have currently been studying three short stories. The first of the three short story’s The Melancholy Hussar of the German Legion is one of seven stories from the â€Å"Wessex Tales† . The genre of this story is generally based around love and issues and consequences related to love, and also distresses the complications and coincidences within the love story. The story itself has three main characters in which a love triangle is formed. Phyllis, Humphrey and Mateus are the main characters in which Phyllis was engaged to Humphrey through an agreed marriage arranged by both Humphrey and her father. However that engagement breaks down when Humphrey goes to Bath on a trip which lasted longer than both Phyllis and her father had expected. In this time Phyllis had meet a man named Mateus. Mateus was a corporal in the German Hussars and both Mateus and Phyllis fall in love. The plot is based around the love of Phyllis and Mateus and also how the plan of Mateus going AWOL falling to pieces, and the build up to his death. Mateus and Humphrey are entirely different to each other in a sense of character looks, actions, and general attitude towards Phyllis. We first get a description of Humphrey around line 56, â€Å" Interests within the Court - was one Humphrey Gould a bachelor a personage neither young nor old; neither good-looking nor positively plain† The description is detailed yet vague, it leaves very much to be desired, â€Å" neither young nor old† it’s very bland, imprecise James Hardy is suggesting he is of middle age. In this short description we can devise a brief image of Humphrey. Around line 107 we are introduced with the interesting character of Mateus. â€Å" Her attention was arrested by a solitary figure walking along the path† the introduction that James Hardy has chosen is rather different to Humphrey maybe suggesting in an early stage in the story that he is more important. â€Å" It’s aspect was so striking, so handsome, and his eyes were so blue and sad, abstracted.† The description is of more beauty compared to Humphrey’s suggesting quite obviously Mateus is the better looking man. The acquaintance of Phyllis by both men were distinctively different. Humphrey approached Dr. Grove Phyllis father for her hand in marriage, Humphrey having come from a highly respected family Dr. Grove was overwhelmed, and saw this as an great opportunity for his family. Mateus’ s meeting with Phyllis differed to Humphreys. He was simply walking past and they both noticed each other, on the whole a more romantic meeting.

Hardy Weinberg

Statement of the overall results The frequencies matched and no number was off meaning that the Hardy Weinberg principle was used correctly. When counting and figuring out the two different equations the numbers fit together. ‘V. Materials: 1. 100 blue beads 2. 100 white beads 3. Two containers to put the beads in 4. Paper 5. Pencil 6. Calculator V. Results/Data: Figure 1 In the above picture labeled â€Å"Figure 1†, the simulation of the production of 100 offspring was recorded. This came from random mating of the â€Å"parental population† (the blue and white beads).Each offspring is represented by a pair of beads (which represent the gametes), the genotypes are as follows; B, B, b their frequencies are recorded in the table below: Table 1 Genotype Frequency Bad-homozygous dominant 26 B-heterozygous 50 b-homozygous recessive 24 Alleles B- black fur 103 b- white fur 97 A. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle predicts that genotypes frequencies of offspring will be the sa me as those of the parental generation. This prediction Was true for this lab, this conclusion can be made because all Of the offspring were either of black and or white fur.B. There are five major assumptions for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, if one of them was violated then the frequencies would end up being different, NY one of them could cause this, most likely the mutation one because that would cause for different offspring to happen and thus for different frequencies. Genotype Frequency Table Frequency 0. 26 0. 5 b 0. 24 Phenotype Frequency Table Phenotype B 0. 51 0. 49 A. There are 200 alleles present for the trait of fur color. B. There are a total of 100 beads to represent black fur and 100 beads to represent white fur.C. 1 00 beads represent the population. VI. Conclusions: The hypothesis â€Å"If students follow the Hardy Weinberg directions properly then their traits will fit into the law because no other evolutionary influences ill interrupt this lab† is accep ted. The hypothesis made at the beginning of the lab was accepted because the students did follow the Hardy Weinberg directions properly and their traits did fit into the Hardy Weinberg law because none of the frequencies came out wrong.It can be concluded that none of the five major assumptions for Hardy Weinberg were violated which is why the frequencies fit into the law. The lab relates to the lecture because students are currently discussing evolution and how it works. The Hardy Weinberg principle involves evolution because it discusses how genotype regencies would be if no other evolutionary influences were present. Something that doesn't necessarily happen since in the real world there are evolutionary influences present all over the world and in all of the populations.The lab is significant because it allows students to see how the world would be if we didn't have any evolutionary influences present in our world, influences such as mutations, natural selection, genetic drift/ migration, etc. The lab relates to the real life because it helps to explain why humans and other earth's organisms are the way they are, and that is because of evolution. Evolution has helped humans to become more resistant to diseases, and it has helped some organisms survive for as long as possible (or at least long enough to reproduce).If real life was the way the Hardy Weinberg principle requires it to be then some organisms on earth wouldn't be here, this is something that this lab allowed students to understand. The lab can be applied to the scientific field of genetics. The lab can be applied to this field because geneticists look at organisms genes and by understanding the Hardy Weinberg principle then they would understand the way evolution arks and how it affects the different genes that different organisms have.The lab could improve by having smaller groups, this improvement is needed because it is hard for such big groups to do math together. There were times were one p erson would count a specific amount of beads and then the other two partners would count something different and then the whole group would get really confused which is why it would be better to have smaller groups to avoid the confusion. Another improvement would be to obtain more beads, maybe this was the reason such big groups were made, so if ore beads were available then smaller groups would be made.One error would be the one described above, students were having a hard time with keeping count of their beads, one way to avoid this without making smaller groups would be to write down the numbers and not split up the numbers between group members. Another error was that some beads were dropped and thus the numbers were messed up, a way to avoid this would be to have bigger beads that won't fall so easily. A new question that students could investigate would be, what if their parental population mixed with another group? R what if a new bead color (new population) was introduced? VI. Lab Questions: 1 .Allele- one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. 2. Gene- a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring. 3. Dominant allele- An allele that expresses its phenotypes effect even when heterozygous with a recessive allele. This one is the stronger allele. 4. Recessive allele- The opposite of a dominant allele, this one has a weaker allele. . Homozygous- a pair of matching alleles, which are the two genes that control a particular trait. 6.Heterozygous- a pair Of genes where one is dominant and one is recessive Verifying the Hardy-Weinberg Principle 1 . There are five conditions that a population must meet in order to be in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, those conditions are as follows; No genetic drift, No migration, No mutation, No selection, and random mating so no differential reproduction. 2. The perce nt for the recessive allele is 30, meaning that the left over is the percent for the dominant allele: 70%. With Hardy Weinberg second equation (pap+ups+qua -? 1) one can see that the heterozygous is represented by the (ups) part, by putting the numbers in place ( xx . X . 3) then the answer would be obtained, which is 42. 42 is the frequency of the dominant allele. 3. The frequency for the dominant allele is 0. 51 when the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype is . 49 4. If the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype is 0. 36 then the frequency of the dominant allele is 0. 64. 5. Fifth frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype is 0. 49 then the frequency of the anonymous recessive genotype is 0. 51 6. The two Hardy Weinberg Equations are: up + ups + q = 1 a.The first equation (p + q = 1) relates to the frequencies of the alleles at a particular gene locus b. The second equation (up + ups + q = 1) relates to the frequencies of the genotypes for a particular gene lo cus. C. The first equation (p + q = 1) relates to the frequencies of the phenotypes for a gene. Questions for Further Thought 1 . Natural selection allows for the â€Å"sundial of the fittest† meaning that if there is a human who has no mouth then this human will not survive because he/ he cannot feed and thus will be selected to die and not reproduce because it is not adapted to fir environment.A perfect, real example are finches, they have different beaks because they have accommodated their bodies depending to the environment, these beaks will allow them to survive more than the other finches who haven't gone through natural selection. 2. Natural selection is the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. It can drive evolution because it can change the population and eventually the whole population will be changed because those organisms are the ones that survived and lived on, the ones that didn't survive did n't successfully go through natural selection.

Radio Credibility And Evaluation Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4838 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Radio is one of the basic tools of disseminating information about different issues such as education, health and agriculture in rural areas of developing countries. The knowledge and information is very important for farmers to increase agricultural productivity in their areas. The most vital thing was observed that active agricultural information transferring is important for farmers in backward areas for development their skills about agriculture. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Radio Credibility And Evaluation Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In this perspective radio is best source for spreading information about agricultural knowledge for solving the requirement and needs of the farmers. In this context the research was conducted in District Benazirabad Sindh, Pakistan about the radio credibility and evaluation for agricultural information among farmers. The 250 respondents were interviewed. The respondents were inquired about the credibility of radio about the agricultural information and the evaluation. The information of different agricultural programs was also gained from respondents. Introduction Information could identify as the essential to positive results of farming in the 21st Century. Agricultural experts, creators, producers and policymakers know that information is significant and valuable. There are many farmers in developed countries give attention for getting information about updates on weather conditions, soil water management, flood disaster and pest management reports and recommendations. Farmers also obtain information of market regarding their produce. In this context radio broadcasts and keeps up to date agro meteorological information in developing countries to rural farmers. Radio plays main role to provide timely advice knowledge and information at the local level. Furthermore, in order to improve the use of this method of communication among different farming communities (Weiss, et al., 2000). The media is considered as major ingredients to spread latest agricultural technologies to farmers. In Pakistan farm and home transmission with agricultural know ledge and information were introduced in 1966 to inform farmers on the use of different technologies to boost up agricultural development. In this scenario more 50 radio stations all over the country. The Pakistani population engaged actively in agriculture and media could serve as an appropriate medium of dissemination of farming information and latest technical development (Malik, 2000). First time the use of electronic media in agricultural was introduced in 1955 when USAID given 38 cinema vans to the concern department. These vans were arranged in important districts of Pakistan. These vans could not get a significant impact on development of farming community because the content of the programs was totally different from local issues. While the electronic media such as radio and television remained in use through the concern authorities as one of the important teaching tools. How far these media have been effective in achieving desired results seems to be an important area to b e investigated (Hussain, 1986). The impact of different media channels upon the adoption of agricultural technologies in farming practice it was indicated that radio was found famous as compared to other mass media such as print and film the adoption of agricultural technologies among farmers. Information of agricultural technologies could transfer by different modern information technologies among. The investigation and findings showed that radio and Television seemed as important source of information of wheat farmers. While it was also revealed that electronic media were more motivated towards Television and radio than other technologies in rural areas (Adeniji Ega 2008; Saddi et al. 2008). Use of radio for farmers could enhance their knowledge because it provides medium which agriculture extension officers and experts identify to be the most appropriate for rural emancipation programme. Radio has reduced gap and distances thus has immediate effect. It has been showed that radio as the only medium of mass communication where the rural population have access easily. Furthermore, radio is cheap to get and is widely owned in the rural areas. Radio is preferred as a medium of communication in rural areas because of the benefit ascribed to it in form of exceeding the hindrances of illiteracy ((Kuponiyi, 2000; Folarin, 1990). The agriculture industries play a very vital role in most of the developing countries like Pakistan. Agricultural actions form is basic infrastructure of rural areas people which contributes significant and important conditions to rural communities in terms of business activities which provide an employment and good environment. The progress and direction for this sector has been showed with different kinds of tactics to determine by goals which are improved according to the demand of time. In rural development information and knowledge are two important features. The lack of information and adaption of local content and deficiency of farm related scientific knowledge are the main problem that often caused low product and. The farmers who get and are connected with media obtain timely information could make a more; those who are connected to proper and timely information would be able to make more reasonable decisions than those not. It is very potential and significant for extension officers to disseminate the agricultural related information and knowledge to the farmers with the aim of providing useful information and changing attitudes and practices (Muhammad, 2008; Abbas et al., 2008; Mazher et. al 2003; Muhammad, 2005). Electronic media such as radio has brought changes in different sectors of society for instance in agriculture radio broadcasting programme to the audience about agriculture. This medium has provided in approach and appropriate for communication to millions of people widely spread situated in rural areas. The Accessibility of low cost getting sets operated with electricity or battery h ave helped radio to disseminate messages deep in to the rural areas of developing countries. Radio is one of the best source of creating general awareness and information to bring desirable changes in the attitude and listeners reinforce learning. The radio is very benefit especially for illiterate farmers to gather information of various kinds on agriculture and other features to keep up to dates their knowledge and services. The credibility regarding radio information is one of the most important elements of communication process and its success will growth proportionally if the recipients of the information perceive the sources to be trust worthy and competent (Sadaqath Mariswamy, 2007). Appropriate tools for spreading the information of the technology will be determined by the developmental status of the country and the level of education within the country. In some cases information could transfer by the use of brochures, printed materials as well as local media such as rad io and television is essential. Networking among small farmers scientists researchers and extension also helps information diffusion and access to information. Fostering the development of such networks may facilitate information dissemination (Rolle Satin, 2002). The mass media such as radio and television are one of the most important tools of communication for transferring information regarding the agricultural scientific knowledge to the masses. In a country like Pakistan where education level of the people is low the choice of mass media is of vital importance. In this context radio are significant which transfer latest agricultural technologies information and knowledge to literate and illiterate farmers in remote areas within short time (Purushothaman et al., 2003). Growths of agricultural production by the adoption of latest procedures and use of technologies have brought significant result in various regions of the world. Furthermore, agriculture almost has received high importance in the development of developing countries due to its significant role in economy and GDP. Developing and developed countries are directly or indirectly related to the agriculture for development. Increase in agricultural production is very important for poverty reduction and improve the livelihood of rural communities. Mass media such as television and radio is one best sources of create awareness and communicate training in adopting newest technologies for farming communities spread over wide geographical areas (Anon, 2008). The information and communication technology is main element which could disseminate effective technologies to growth agricultural production. By use of these technologies to provide benefit from such technologies to farmers must have access to them and learn how to effectively utilize these technologies in farming systems and practices. The use of mass media among farmers in remote areas still most of farmers depend on traditional media suc h as radio television and newspaper these media channels could transfer information among farmers in far flung areas (Ani Baba, 2009; Abu Hassan et al., 2009,). In the Pakistan Punjab and a number of radio stations broadcasting many different agricultural programs such as, Sandhal Dharti, Khait Khait Haryali, Dharti Bakht Bahar, and Wasnay Rehan Garan Utum Khaiti while in Sindh Khati sir sati Sar Sabz Pakistan broadcasted from Sindh Hyderabad station in local languages The use of mass media appears vital to keep farmers up-to-date of the latest information about agriculture. these technologies for meeting the developing challenges of the new millennium like population explosion, low and fluctuated yield of various crops, and other challenges of new era. For this reason, it seems imperative to undertake in-depth analysis of the electronic media to improve their role in the spread of agricultural technologies among the farmers (Muhammad, et al., 2012). Radio one of the best medium of communication which has played a very vital role in socio, economic cultural and agricultural development information. It is an influential communication tool in rural agricultural market information. However, most rural areas have no access of electricity therefore farmers and other communities mostly depend on radio to meet their needs of information regarding education, health, agricultural news and weather information. The achievement of agricultural development programs in developing countries basically depends on the nature and level of use of mass media channels in mobilization of people for development in general. Radio and television have been acclaimed to be the most effective media for spreading the scientific knowledge and information to the people. In developing countries such as Pakistan, India and Bangladesh where education level is low and the choice of mass media very vital particularly Electronic Media (Murty Albino, 2012). Problem of research statement In rural areas many farmers have no specific knowledge and information regarding agricultural problems such as use of pesticides in farming and where and how to get information about newest technologies. The mass media could play a significant role in disseminating agricultural information. According to Obinne (1992) the main problem among farmers in remote areas was lack of knowledge and interested to use these technologies in agricultural growth were observed the results needed for economic growth and rural transformation but that of adapting and using them as instrument of increased their product as well as economic development for the country. The one another problem was that the different conditions and environments of the sources poor farmers could not afford to manage suck kind of technologies which can provide a benefit to these communities in rural areas. The mass media such as radio could transfer good related information to farmers for development of agriculture produ ction (Akinola, 2004). In Pakistan most of the farmers have no proper knowledge and information regarding use of pesticides and its effect on their lives. There is need to provide such kind of programs on radio which could guide the farmers about proper use of technologies in farming. In this context radio one of the best medium to transfer information among illiterate and literate farmers about usage of technologies in their field for increase their production. Material and Method The study was conducted in District Benazirabad Sindh, Pakistan where the quantitative approach was applied for data collection. This study was used a survey. The total 250 of the respondents from Qazi Ahmed Taulka were involved in this study. The simple random method was used for this study. The data information were taken regarding the credibility of radio about agricultural programs and radio evaluation agriculture programs the study were also explored about the best radio stations, their favourite programs as well as suitable timing of the agriculture programs from the respondents. The data were collected from Taluka of Qazi Ahmed. The data was analysed by used SPSS software. The data were discussed in percentage, Mean and Standard deviation. Result and Discussions 1. Demographic respondents profile In table 1 demographic result was distributed into respondents gender, age, level of education and in farming experience. The 250 respondents were participated in this study all were male participants. The age of the respondents were distributed from 20 years to 60 years old. However, more than half of 58% of the respondents age was 31 to 40 years while 22% of the respondents age was 20 to 30 years old furthermore 16.8% of the respondents age was 41 to 50 years only 3.2% of the respondents age was 50 to 60 years old with the mean value of M = 2.01 SD=.719. Table 1 result revealed that the level of education 36% of the respondents education level was of primary level while 26.6% of the respondents education level was non-formal education 19.6% of the respondents education level of was matriculation however 18% of the respondents education level of was intermediate to Master level with the mean value of M=2.47 SD=1.40. The result showed that more than half 56% of the respondents f arm experience was 11 to 20 years while 26.4% of the respondents experience was 1 to 10 years. However, 17.6% of the respondents experience was from 21 to more than 30 years were in agriculture farming with the mean value of M=1.93 SD=.705. Table 1 Demographic profile Demographic profile Frequency Percentage Mean SD Gender Male 250 100 1.00 .00000 Female 0 0 0 0 Age group 250 100 20- 30 years 55 22 2.01 .719 31- 40 years 145 58 41-50 years 42 16.8 51- 60 years 8 3.2 Education level Non formal education 66 26.4 2.47 1.40 Primary School 90 36.0 Matriculation 49 19.6 Intermediate 14 5.6 B.A 17 6.8 Degree/ Master/PhD 14 5.6 Farm experience 1- 10 years 66 26.4 1.93 .705 11- 20 years 140 56.0 21- 30 years 39 15.6 More than 30 years 5 2.0 2 Respondents General Information Table 2 the respondents were asked general information regarding farm operation, ownership and best farm operation. The result indicated that 74.4% of the respondents was no another job without doing farming while 25.6% of the respondents were doing job as well as farming with the mean value of M=1.25 SD=.437. The information about main agricultural operation more than half 55.6% of the respondents does their crop production while 20.4% of the respondents do livestock production. However, 7.6% of the respondents were using aquaculture and 16.4% of the respondents were doing other agriculture with the mean value of M=1.84 SD=1.12. The information regarding ownership of land 64.8% of the respondents does farming by contracting. While 21.2% of the respondents was the owner of the land and they do farming themselves and only 14% of the respondents do farming on rent the mean value was (M= 2.43 SD=.820). The best farm operation the result revealed that more than half 55.6% of the respon dents were doing by self-agriculture in their land furthermore 36% of the respondents were doing contracting and very small number 8.4% of the respondents were used others farm of agriculture with the mean value of M=1.52 SD=.647. Table 2General Information General information Frequency Percentage Mean SD you have work/employment apart from your job as a farmer Yes 64 25.6 . No 186 74.4 1.25 .437 Which is your main agricultural operation Crop Production 139 55.6 1.84 1.12 Livestock production 51 20.4 Aquaculture 19 7.6 Others 41 16.4 Ownership of land that you do Owner 53 21.2 2.43 .820 Renter 35 14.0 Contract farming 162 64.8 Your best farm operation By self 139 55.6 1.52 .647 contract farming 90 36.0 Others 21 8.4 3 Contacts with Agricultural Extension Officers In table 3 the information were also obtained about contact with agriculture extension officers in this context result showed that 46.8% of the respondents said that they communicated with agriculture one time in once a month. Furthermore, 10.8% of the respondents contacted once a week or more time with agriculture officer. While 26.4% of the respondents rarely contacted with agriculture officers however 10.4% of the respondents never talked with agriculture officer furthermore 4.4% of the respondents two times in a week spoken with agriculture about getting the information about agriculture with the mean value of M= 2.92 SD=1.32. The contact with fisheries officer regarding gain information about fisheries and agriculture the result indicated that 88.8% of the respondents never contacted with fisheries officer regarding fisheries and agriculture information while 8.0% of the respondents communicated one time once a month however it was indicated that only .8% of the respondents co ntacted with fisheries officers about information for agriculture the overall mean value was (M=1.26 SD=.796). The information about communicated with veterinary officers the result revealed 50.4% of the respondents were never talked with veterinary officer 36.8% of the respondents contacted once a month with veterinary officer and get information about animal diseases and agriculture related information. Table 3 Contact with Extension Officers Contact with Extension Officers Frequency Percentage Mean SD Contact with agriculture officer for agricultural information Never 26 10.4 2.92 1.32 Rarely 66 26.4 Once a month 117 46.8 Two times in weeks 11 4.4 Three times in a weeks 3 1.2 Once a week or more 27 10.8 Contact with fisheries officer for agricultural information 250 100% Never 222 88.8 1.26 .796 Rarely 2 .8 once a month 20 8.0 Two times in weeks 3 1.2 Three times in a week 1 .4 once a week or more 2 .8 Contact with veterinary officer for agricultural information Never 126 50.4 Rarely 25 10.0 once a month 92 36.8 Two times in weeks 1 .4 Three times in a week 6 2.4 once a week or more 4 Respondents Radio listening Programs In table 4 the result indicated that 86.4% of the respondents were their own radio the 13.6% of the respondents were not their own radio set with the mean value of M=1.13 SD=.343. The farmers were also asked about listening to agricultural related program of radio the result showed that 39.6% of the respondents responded that they listen to agricultural related programs 5 to 20 minutes on radio. While 25.2% of the respondents listen to agricultural other related programs 21to 40 minutes on radio. However, 18.4% of the respondents said that they listen to agricultural, news and other programs More than one hour on radio. Furthermore, 16.8% of the respondents listen to agricultural and different programs 41 to 60 minutes on radio the mean value was (M=2.14 SD=1.13). The farmers were also asked about listen to advertisement about agriculture on radio the result revealed that more than half 54.0% of the respondents listen to advertisements some time on radio regarding agriculture. It w as also revealed that 21.2% of the respondents occasionally listen to advertisement on radio about agriculture specially pesticides and Urea. It was also indicated that 16.4% of the respondents listen to advertisements on radio often only 8.4% of the respondents never listen to agricultural related advertisements on radio regarding agriculture and pesticides with the mean value of M=2.78 SD=.817. The respondents were also asked about listen to different agriculture programs on AM and FM radio the result showed that 42.2% of the respondents listen to Hari Samachar on FM105 occasionally. While other study revealed opposite of this study that radio was the main source of dissemination agricultural information among famers (Hanif, 1992; Ali, 1994). However 34.4% of the respondents listen to agricultural program some time on radio. It was also showed that 18.8% of the respondents were never listening to agricultural programs on radio only small number 4.4% of the respondents often listen to agricultural related programs on FM105. However, the agricultural related programs on AM the result showed that 49.2% of the respondents occasionally listen to the Kheti Ser Sati on AM Hyderabad. While 31.2% of the respondents some time listen to Kheti Ser Sati on AM Hyderabad furthermore 16.0% of the respondents were never not listening to Kheti Ser Sati on radio only 3.6% of the respondents were often listen to agricultural programs on AM Hyderabad radio with the mean value of M= 2.22 SD=.753. The information about one another program were also asked from respondents the result revealed that 40.8% of the respondents occasionally listen to the Sar Sabz Pakitan on AM radio Hyderabad while 30% of the respondents were some time listening to Sar Sabz Pakitan agriculture program on radio the result showed that 21.2% of the respondents never listen to Sar Sabz Pakitan agricultural program on radio only 8.0% of the respondents often listen to Sar Sabz Pakitan on radio with th e mean value of M=2.24 SD=.879. The respondents were also asked about their favourite radio stations the result revealed that more than half 58.4% of the respondents responded that the AM radio Hyderabad is their best and favourite station which provides not only agricultural related news as well as entertainments, education, dramas news and health programs which has increased their knowledge and skills. Followed by that 30% of the respondents said that FM105 was their favourite radio station which provide good music, entertainments and agricultural related programs the mean value was (M=1.66 SD=.474). Table 4 Radio listening programs Radio listening programs Frequency Percentage Mean SD Radio ownership Yes 216 86.4 1.13 .343 No 34 13.6 Listening farm related programs 250 100 5- 20 minutes 99 39.6 2.14 1.13 21- 40 minutes 63 25.2 41- to 60 minutes 42 16.8 More than one hour 46 18.4 Listen to advertisements on radio 250 100 Never 21 8.4 2.78 .817 Occasionally 53 21.2 Some time 135 54.0 Often 41 16.4 Listen to Hari Samachar on FM105 Never 47 18.8 Occasionally 106 42.2 Some time 86 34.4 Often 11 4.4 Listen to the Kheti Ser Sati on AM Hyderabad 250 100 Never 40 16.0 2.22 .753 Occasionally 123 49.2 Some time 78 31.2 Often 9 3.6 Listen to the Sar Sabz Pakitan on AM Hyderabad Never 53 21.2 2.24 .879 Occasionally 102 40.8 Some time 75 30.0 Often 20 8.0 Favourite radio station FM105 75 30 1.66 .474 AM Hyderabad 146 58.4 Respondents given mix answer 29 11.6 5 Radio Credibility In table 5 the respondents were obtained information regarding radio credibility the result showed that more than half 57.6% of the respondents were agreed and said that the content of agricultural radio program was clear while 26.8% of the respondents were strongly disagreed and said that the content of agricultural radio programs was not clear however 12.4% of the respondents were neither agreed nor disagreed regarding the content of agricultural radio programs however only .8% of the respondents were strongly disagreed and said that radio content of agricultural program was not clear with the mean value of M=4.07SD=.746. The respondents were also asked about the agricultural program unbiased the result revealed that 73.6% of the respondents were agreed and said that agricultural programs were unbiased broadcasted on radio furthermore 13.6% of the respondents were strongly disagreed while 7.2% of the respondents were neither agreed nor disagreed about the content of agricultural programs unbiased the mean value was (M= 3.94 SD=.700). The respondents were also asked about the content of agricultural radio programs tells the whole story the result indicated that 42% of the respondents were strongly disagreed and said that the radio did not broadcast whole story regarding the agricultural programs. While 29.6% of the respondents were neither agreed nor disagreed that radio produce agricultural programs whole story however 24.4% of the respondents were strongly disagreed and said that radio did not tell full story of agricultural related programs only 4% of the respondents were strongly disagreed that radio not broadcast agricultural related full story programs with the mean value of M=3.13 SD=.827.The respondents were also informed about the accurate content of radio agricultural programs the result revealed that 79.2% of the respondents were strongly disagreed and responded that the radio did not produce accurate content of agricultural programs. While it was also indicated that 14.8% of the respondents were neither agreed nor disagreed that content of agricultural programs were accurate however only 1.2% of the respondents were agreed that radio provide accurate content regarding agricultural related programs with the mean value of M=3.78 SD=.583. Furthermore, the respondents were also obtained information regarding the content of agricultural radio programs is trusted the result showed that 76.4% of the respondents were neither agreed nor disagreed that radio produce trusted content of agricultural programs the 13.2% of the respondents were disagreed and said they did not trust on radio content agricultural programs while 10% of the respondents were strongly disagreed and said that radio was not producing such trusted programs the mean value was (M=3.95 SD=.516). The information about the appropriate timings of the programs the result indicated that 55.2% of the respondents were disagreed and said that the agricultural programs timing was not appropriate 23.6% of the respondents were neither agreed not disagreed about the appropriate timing of the programs on radio. While 12.4% of the respondents were strongly agreed that agricultural programs produce on appropriate time. However the result agricultural radio programs is up to date revealed that 43.2% of the respondents were neither agreed nor disagreed and 34.0% of the respondents were agreed that radio produce up to date programs regarding agricultural with the mean value of M= 4.03 SD=.900. Table 5 Respondents level of Radio credibility Level of Radio Credibility Frequency Percentage Mean SD The content of agricultural radio program is clear Strongly agree 2 .8 4.07 .746 Disagree 6 2.4 Neither agree nor disagree 31 12.4 Agree 144 57.6 Strongly disagree 67 26.8 The content of agricultural program is unbiased Strongly agree 3 1.2 3.94 .700 Disagree 11 4.4 Neither agree nor disagree 18 7.2 Agree 184 73.6 Strongly disagree 34 13.6 The content of agricultural radio programs tells the whole story Strongly agree 61 24.4 3.13 .827 Disagree 105 42.0 Neither agree nor disagree 74 29.6 Agree 10 4.0 Strongly disagree The content of agricultural radio programs is accurate Strongly agree 3 1.2 3.78 .583 Disagree 7 2.8 Neither agree nor disagree 37 14.8 Agree 198 79.2 Strongly disagree 5 2.0 The content of agricultural radio programs is trusted Strongly agree 1 .4 3.95 .516 Disagree 33 13.2 Neither agree nor disagree 191 76.4 Agree 25 10.0 Strongly disagree The content of agricultural radio programs broadcasted at the appropriate time Strongly agree 31 12.4 Disagree 138 55.2 Neither agree nor disagree 59 23.6 Agree 17 6.8 Strongly disagree 5 2.0 The content of agricultural radio programs is up to date Strongly agree 20 8.0 4.03 .90012 Disagree 37 14.8 Neither agree nor disagree 108 43.2 Agree 85 34.0 Strongly disagree Radio Evaluation The respondents were asked about the radio helping to get latest information of market price the result indicated that 41.2% of the respondents were disagreed and said that radio did not provides information about market for their product. Followed by 37.6% of the respondents were strongly agreed and responded that radio helps to find good market for their product. While 16% of the respondents were neither agreed nor disagreed about radio helps to find a good market for their products the mean value was (M=1.92 SD=.970). The respondents were obtained information about radio as a source of pricing information the result showed that 36% of the respondents were disagreed and said that radio was not source of pricing information about agriculture product very close to it 35.2% of the respondents were neither agreed nor disagreed regarding radio as a source of pricing information while 28.8% of the respondents were strongly agreed with the mean value of M=2.06 SD=.799. The respondent s were also asked about the on farm organizations loan the result showed that 40.4% of the respondents were neither agreed nor disagreed while 34.8% of the respondents were disagreed regarding on farm credits loans provide by organizations however 21.6% of the respondents were strongly agreed with the mean value of M= 2.26 SD=.871 Furthermore, the respondents were also asked about latest information regarding crop livestock the result revealed that 47.6% of the respondents were agreed followed by that 40% of the respondents were strongly disagreed about information of crop and livestock by radio. However, only small number 2.4% of the respondents were strongly agreed. The mean value was (M=4.16 SD=.947). The respondents were obtained the information about on good farm practices of the crop livestock. The result revealed that 32.4% of the respondents were strongly disagreed while 27.2% of the respondents were agreed furthermore 22.4% of the respondents were neither agreed nor disa greed regarding on good farm practices of the crop livestock and 6.0% of the respondents were strongly agreed with the mean value of M=3.68 SD=1.21. The information about farmers skills and knowledge about controlling the diseases of crops livestock the result showed that 42.4% of the respondents were agreed regarding information provided by radio while 16.8% of the respondents were neither agreed nor disagreed furthermore result indicated that 15.6% of the respondents were disagreed the overall mean value was ( M=3.32 SD=1.22). The respondents were also enquired about the information of pest controlling diseases by radio result revealed that more than half 64.8% of the respondents were strongly disagreed while 18.8% of the respondents were neither agreed nor disagreed about radio provide information of pest control however only 1.2% of the respondents were strongly agreed with the mean value of M=4.41SD=.932. The respondents were also inquired about radio keeps farmers up to date on reliable weather and climate information the result showed that 36.8% of the respondents were disagreed and said that radio did not keeps up to date regarding the reliable weather information. Followed by that 30% of the respondents were strongly disagreed that radio provided latest information about weather while 24.8% of the respondents were agreed and said that radio keeps up to date on reliable weather and climate information with the mean value of M=2.39 SD=1.36 Table 6 Evaluation of radio Evaluation of radio Frequency Percentage Mean SD Radio helping farmers to find a good market for their products 1.92 .970 Strongly agree 94 37.6 Disagree 103 41.2 Neither agree nor disagree 40 16.0 Agree 3 1.2 Strongly disagree 10 4.0 To serve farmers as a source of pricing information Strongly agree 72 28.8 2.06 .799 Disagree 90 36.0 Neither agree nor disagree 88 35.2 On farm credits and loans provided by organizations Strongly agree 54 21.6 2.26 .871 Disagree 87 34.8 Neither agree nor disagree 101 40.4 Agree 4 1.6 Strongly disagree 4 1.6 To keep farmers up to date on latest information regarding crop livestock Strongly agree 6 2.4 4.16 .947 Disagree 17 6.8 Neither agree nor disagree 8 3.2 Agree 119 47.6 Strongly disagree 100 40.0 On good farm practices of the crop livestock. Strongly agree 15 6.0 3.68 1.21 Disagree 30 12.0 Neither agree nor disagree 56 22.4 Agree 68 27.2 Strongly disagree 81 32.4 To help farmers to overcome the problems affecting crops livestock production Strongly agree 1 .4 3.52 1.01 Disagree 66 26.4 Neither agree nor disagree 10 4.0 Agree 146 58.4 Strongly disagree 27 10.8 To improve farmers skills and knowledge about controlling the diseases of crops livestock Strongly agree 28 11.2 3.32 1.22 Disagree 39 15.6 Neither agree nor disagree 42 16.8 Agree 106 42.4 Strongly disagree 35 14.0 To provide farmers with knowledge regarding pest control Strongly agree 3 1.2 4.41 .932 Disagree 11 4.4 Neither agree nor disagree 27 10.8 Agree 47 18.8 Strongly disagree 162 64.8 To keep farmers up to date on reliable weather and climate information Strongly agree 75 30.0 2.39 1.36 Disagree 92 36.8 Neither agree nor disagree 10 4.0 Agree 62 24.8 Strongly disagree 10 4.0 Radio provides current agricultural related news, agricultural information and programs to transfer messages which could enhance the knowledge and information for development of farmers. The role of radio about agriculture programs cannot deny. It is very essential that radio should provide more agricultural related programs as well as latest concerning information of weather, market and pesticides where farmers could increase their production. The timing of different agricultural programs is not suitable and not matches with farmers and frequency is 10 to 20 minutes which not provides whole story and detailed regarding agricultural information to farmers. Radio producers should broadcast programs about technological usage in farming where the farmers could utilise these technologies in farming for increase the ir product and income